❖ On-the-job safety is to take precautionary measures by understanding the actions that drivers perform in relation to driving and the condition of the vehicle and the dangers they may cause.

Types and profiles of injuries that occur during accidents

❖ Accident results caused by vehicles

▶ Risk of death

▶ Physical injury

▶ Property damage

❖ Emergency

Burn

Types of fire hazard

1. Dry burn : It is a type of burn caused by fire and hot objects.

2. Wet burn :- It is a type of burn caused by boiling water and oil.

3. Poison burn : It is a type of burn caused by acid or burning salt.

4. Chemical burn : It is a type of burn caused by chemicals.

Other emergencies

▶ Fainting

▶ Analysis

▶ Body fracture

Risk factors while driving

▶ Vehicle breakdown

▶ Fire hazard

▶ Disputes with passengers and other road users

▶ Collision: overturning and falling from a vehicle

Accident results and types of damage

▶ Risk of death

▶ Disability

▶ Health disorders

▶ Local damage

▶ They are social and economic disadvantages.

Personal safety precautions

• Gloves: Protects the palm and fingers from injury.

• Safety shoes: Protects drivers from accidents on their feet.

• Coat: It is worn in rainy and cold weather and prevents their clothes from getting dirty.

• Reflective clothing: Makes drivers and road users easier to identify.

• Head protection:- Mostly for motorcycle and special mobile device drivers7, it prevents accidents around the head during a collision.

• Mask: Protects against toxic smoke, burns the face from fire, and protects respiratory organs from various infectious diseases.

Causes of traffic accidents

What is Ω traffic?

Traffic means : Anything that is mobile is called traffic.

Traffic is divided into three areas based on where they move/transmit, and they are:-

1. Moving on land

2. Those who move by the sea

3. They are called per-R movers.

a) Among the traffic moving on land: people, vehicles, animals...

b) Among the traffics moving on the sea/water:- Ships, boats...

c) In the case of airplanes, wheels, birds, flying bodies, etc. among the traffics moving on the road
, one of the main responsibilities of drivers is to identify/know the causes of traffic accidents in order for these moving bodies to carry out their activities safely without any accidents. The causes of vehicle traffic accidents are divided into three, namely:

1. Driver's behavior /out of 90%/

2. Characteristics of the vehicle /from 8%/

3. They are characteristic of the area /from 2%/.

❖ Driver behavior

Misbehavior of drivers:- Whether they are aware of road usage and traffic laws or not, the traffic accidents caused by various unnecessary personal behaviors have the highest number (amount). Some of the characteristics of drivers that we call unnecessary are as follows

▶ Being in a bad mood

▶ Suffering from pain, Mr

▶ Take heavy medicine and mash/r

▶ Reduced vision due to blindness

▶ Driving a vehicle without skills

▶ Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs:

▶ Driving outside the required age range

▶ Obsession with driving at high speed

▶ Driving carelessly:-

❖ The nature of the vehicle

▶ The main cause of vehicle traffic accidents due to this is when vehicles lack technical condition due to lack of timely maintenance (servicing) and many times of servicing (old age).

❖ Parts that pose a risk due to technical defects of the vehicle:-

▶ Leader

▶ Brake

▶ Gear change shaft with friction pedal

▶ Gas pedal

▶ Engine start and stop button

▶ Worn and blown tires,

▶ Side and rear view mirrors that cannot be adjusted in the desired direction.

▶ Mirrors that don't show the outside well or that are broken,

▶ Motion opening doors,

▶ Poorly adjusted car seats;

▶ Front / front / mirror,

▶ Headlights,

▶ Sunscreens,

▶ Demister heating device,

▶ Rain wiper,

▶ Interior lights

▶ Speedometer and distance measurement device,

▶ Generator/Dynamo/Light,

▶ Temperature gauge

▶ Fuel gauge

▶ A light that turns on when the handbrake is applied

▶ A light that turns on when the brake oil runs out

▶ Light that comes on when the engine oil runs out

▶ A light that shows when the brake pad is over

▶ Showing the front lights working,

▶ Lights that show the direction when the headlights are turned on

▶ Frechas

▶ Parking lights

▶ Foot brake lights

▶ Clax (trumpet)

▶ Rear gear lights

▶ License plate lights

▶ Side lights

▶ Short and long headlights

▶ Failure of the various parts of the vehicle to work properly

❖ Environmental behavior

✦ Environmental characteristics are the various natural features and common users of the road that we encounter on the road we drive on, and the effects of these elements are called terrible.

▶ Identify dangerous uphill and downhill roads;

▶ High on roads with extremely difficult terrain to drive

▶ Curved and curved roads may be created during the driving process

▶ Identification of possible hazards in dusty areas;

▶ Rain, fog and foggy areas,

▶ Area with broken roads,

▶ Area with very narrow road and bridge,

▶ Lack of traffic awareness and road use by other road participants

▶ Roads that are slippery and slippery for various reasons, such as mud, etc.

Fire making and extinguishing method

How is fire created?

THE THREE FIRE COMPOUNDS OR FIRE-GENERATING THINGS
When the following three things come together, fire is created.
They are :
1- heat
2- oxygen/air
3- flammable/fuel thing

The three flammable/fuel things

Combustibles come in three forms.

They are :

1- In solidity/solid combustible things :- For example: wood, cloth, paper, cotton, . . .

2- Liquid/liquid combustibles : For example: kerosene (white gas), diesel, gasoline, various oils. . . they are.

3- In gas/gas (gaseous) combustible materials : for example: methane, butane, propane, . . .they are.

The three fire extinguishing methods

1. Suppression

2. Starving and

3. They are called cooling.

To extinguish a fire that has started to ignite, it is enough to destroy or remove one of the three things we need to create a fire from above.

1- Suffocation: Deprivation of oxygen ☞ This method of extinction is known as suffocation .

2- Starving: removing flammable substances (deprivation) ☞ This extinguishing method is known as starving .

3- Cooling: Loss of heat ☞ This fire extinguishing method is known as cooling fire extinguishing method.

The four types of fire and their extinguishing devices

1- Class "A" Fire or 1^st degree fire

The fire of this class starts from solid combustible materials and the extinguishing agent is water.

2- "B" or B or 2nd degree fire:

The fire of this room is caused by liquid combustible materials and the extinguishing equipment is
- dry powder
- pressurized water,
- dry foam,
- carbon dioxide.

3- C or 3rd degree fire:

Fires in this room are caused by electrical and gas combustible materials, and the extinguishing equipment will be: -
- Dry powder
- CTC
- BCF
- Carbon Dioxide.

4- "D" or D or 4th degree fire:

The fire of this part is caused by iron elements such as potassium, magnesium, calcium. . . And: - The extinguishing equipment
- dry powder,
- dry fine sand,
- talc norap, . . .they will be.

Note :

1. To extinguish a "B" or "B" or 2nd degree fire, the use of non-pressurized water can make the fire worse.

2. It is absolutely forbidden to use water and moisture to extinguish "C" or "C" or 3rd degree fire and "D" or "D" or 4th degree fire.

Things that can cause a fire in a vehicle

- Stripped power lines

- Engine overheating

- Spilled or dripping fuels

- and so on.

Laws of nature that affect (do)
driving Laws of nature that affect (do) driving ⤵

1- Earth's gravity

2- Inertia

3- Momentum

4- Potential energy

5- Kinetic energy

6- Preface

7- They are centrifugal force.

1- Gravity of the Earth:- which pulls everything to the center of the earth, which causes the tire to pinch the ground, makes our speed increase when we go downhill, and makes our speed decrease when we go uphill. . . The natural law that affects rotation is known as gravity.

2- Inertia: which makes or wants a vehicle in motion to remain in the same motion (unless we hold the brakes, encounter another collision, interfere with something else that stops us, . . .), so that when our vehicle suddenly stops or stops, the loads on the vehicle are thrown forward. or causing them to be exposed, . . . The law of nature is known as inertia.

3- Momentum: When two unequal forces exert pressure on an object in opposite directions, the force possessed by a moving object is known as momentum.

The amount of momentum energy depends on the mass and speed of the moving object.

As vehicle speed increases, so does momentum. As momentum increases, the stopping distance of a vehicle increases. It is difficult to control inertia, it is difficult to change direction, . . .

Conversely, when the vehicle slows down or stops, momentum decreases. If we look at some of the reasons, they include engine torque, friction in the brakes, friction between the tires and the ground, and so on.

Momentum is converted into ☞ heat during collision

☞ Turns into damaging the vehicle

☞ It turns into harming the passenger

4- Potential power:- Where things are, shape, condition, . . . The stored energy that causes them is known as potential energy.

For example :-
▶ A vehicle parked on a slope will have accumulated energy to roll down due to gravity.

▶ On the other hand, a vehicle parked on a slope will have the stored energy to roll backwards due to gravity.

▶ A book on a table will have (better) stored energy falling to the ground than a book on the floor.

5- Kinetic energy:- The energy of an object in motion is known as kinetic energy.

▶ As the speed of our vehicle increases, so does the kinetic energy.

▶ As the weight of our vehicle increases, so does the kinetic energy.

▶ When our vehicle goes down a slope, gravity increases its kinetic energy.

▶ When our vehicle goes uphill, gravity reduces its kinetic energy.

▶ When our vehicle starts going down a hill, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.

▶ Every time this power increases, the power (efficiency) of holding the fruit should also increase

▶ When we reduce our speed by holding the brake to stop our vehicle, the kinetic energy is converted into heat energy due to friction.

6- Friction: The force created when one thing touches another thing is called friction.

▶ Sebekah prevents one thing from moving on another.

▶ Contamination occurs between the tire and the road, in the brakes, in the engine, in the transmission parts, etc.

▶ If the tires of our vehicle are to be worn, wear will be reduced.

▶ If the air volume of our vehicle's tires is too high, the friction between the tires and the ground will decrease. So to get up from where we stand, to stop quickly, to take turns, . . . We may be in trouble.

▶ If the friction in the brake is greater than the friction between the tire and the road, tire slippage may occur. As a result, we may have difficulty stopping the vehicle.

▶ If the air condition of our vehicle's tires is under-inflated, the pressure will increase. In addition to this, when we try to move from where we are standing, the pain increases.

▶ The size of our vehicle will increase or decrease depending on the material it is made of. If the road is dry there will be better traction.

▶ As the weight of our vehicle increases, the distance between the tire and the road increases.

▶ So the weight gives us more force to stop the vehicle.

▶ When a tire is locked, the friction between the tire and the ground is greatly reduced.

▶ The friction created in friction makes our vehicle move or travel at a constant (uniform) speed.

▶ If the friction is not properly released, tire slippage will occur.

- Vehicle speed is reduced even when it is not released.

Fermentation causes the phrenic and pharyngeal parts to be eaten.
To reduce this, it is recommended not to hold the brake or step on it, not to drive with the foot on the friction, and to control the speed of our vehicle on steep roads, it is recommended to use a heavy gear instead of the brake.

7- Centrifugal force: When one object rotates around another object, the tendency or force to pull it outward is known as centrifugal force.
It is this centrifugal force that pulls our vehicle off the road when we go around curves.

To reduce or control the danger caused by this force, we need to reduce our speed on curves or curves, apply the brakes with a little care as necessary, turn or turn by reducing gear first and using heavy gear, and take the necessary care to turn or turn wide.

Part 6.1 First aid

When a person is suddenly injured and sick due to various reasons, the first aid is called first aid until he reaches a medical facility where he can receive regular treatment.

Part 6.2 First aid kit

First aid box that holds them

• At least two cotton or paper pads

• At least six triangular bandages or bandages

• At least two boiled cloth pads

• At least ten packs of bandages

• At least one plastic sheet

• A cotton cloth with a width of at least one square meter

• At least antiseptic

• At least one plastic bag

• At least one blade ( scissors )

• At least two supports ( splints )

• At least four wound plasters

• At least one cup of water

• At least one bar of soap

• At least four small hand towels

• At least four gloves

• inter alia

Part 6.3 Necessary arrangements for first aid

Important arrangements

The time, place and occasion of an emergency is unpredictable, and the time and place of first aid can be unpredictable and at any time.

However, if any driver is faced with this situation anywhere, it will be very useful for him to prepare himself and his first aid kit to provide as much help as possible.

Key points to focus on and remember when providing first aid in an emergency

• Make sure the victim is breathing well

• If there is anything blocking breathing around the mouth and nose of the victim, remove it quickly

• Kneel next to the casualty, place one hand under the casualty's neck and the other on the forehead, and move the casualty backwards to keep the airway open.

• Take appropriate quick action to stop the bleeding from the victim

• In order to provide immediate assistance at the scene of the accident, there may be someone who is more willing and able to help by choosing and helping those who can.

• Protecting the victim from fire, traffic and other similar accidents, taking appropriate help so that others can be careful.

• If the place where the victim has landed is dangerous and there is no need to get up, do not pick up and move the victim in a hurry without knowing the actual injury.

• Examine the victim and provide the necessary first aid

• Preventing the victim from going into shock due to tissue fatigue damage

• Do not take off the clothes of the victim more than necessary and keep him warm

• By explaining the details of the accident and the person involved in the accident, take the injured person to the hospital for better treatment

Part 6.4 የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ህክምና ዕርዳታን በቅልጥፍና ማከናወን የሚቻልበት ዘዴ

የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ህክምና ዕርዳታን በቅልጥፍና ማከናወን የሚቻልበት ዘዴ

• ተገቢውን ዕርዳታ ለምጠት አለመረበና ለዚሁ ሰውነትን ዝግጁ ማድረግ፣

• አደጋው የደረሰበትን ሰው ለመርዳት ኃላፊነቱን ማቀድ፣ለዚህም በርጋታና በጥንቃቄ ለዕርደታ

• የሚያስፈልገውን ቅደም ተከተል ማቀድ፣ለዚህም የሚያፈልገው ጊዜ በላይ አለማባከን፣

• የሚሰጠውን ዕርዳታ ከሚገባና አቅም ከሚፈቅደው በላይ አለመመከር፣

• አደጋው የደረሰበትን ሰው በርህራሄና ያለመጠየፍ መርዳት፣

• አደጋው የደረሰብትን ሰው ማፅናናት፣የዕርዳታውንም ተግባር ፀጥታ በተመላበት አኳኋን በቅልጥፍናና በፍጥነት ማከናወን፣

• አደጋው የደረሰበትን ሰው በፍጥነት ወደ ህክምና ተቋም መውሰድ ናቸው፡፡

Part 6.5 አደጋው የደረሰበትን ሰው ስለመመርመር

አደጋው የደረሰበትን ሰው ስለመመርመር

አደጋው የደረሰበትን ሰው መርምሮ የአደጋው መጠንና ሁኔታ በግልፅ እስከ አልታወቀ ድረስና አደጋው የደረሰበት ሰው የተኛበት ስፍራ ተጨማሪ ጉዳት የሚያስከትል ካልሆነ በስተቀር አለማንቀሳቀሱ ይመረጣል፡፡ በተከታታይም፡-

• አደጋው የደረሰበት ሰው መድማቱን፣እስትንፋሱ መቋረጡን ወይም ራሱን ማወቅ ተስኖት መሆኑን ቶሎ ማረጋገጥ አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡ ከእነዚህ ውስጥ አንዱ እንኳን ቢኖር በፍጥነት ተገቢውን የመጀመሪያ ጀረጃ ህክምና ዕርዳታ እርምጃ መውሰድ ያስፈልጋል፡፡

• አደጋው የደረሰበት ሰው ልብስ በርጥበት ወይም በጭቃና በመሳሰሉት የተበላሸ ከሆነ ልብሱን በማውለቅ ሰውየውን በማንኛውም ንፁህና ሞቃታማ ሂነ ልብስ በመጠቅለል ትክክለኛውን የሰውነት ሙቀት እንዲያገኝ መድረግ ➡ ሆኖም ግን የሙቀት መጠን እስኪያልበው ድረስ መሆን አይገባም፡፡

• አደጋው የደረሰበት ሰው በመጋጨት፣በመዳጥ፣በመውደቅና በመቀጥቀጥ የመቁሰል አደጋ ደርሶበት ከሆነ በጥንቃቄ በመርመር በውስጥ ህዋሳቶቹ ላይ ጉዳት ደርሶበት እንደሆነ በአንዳንድ ጠቋሚ ሁኔታዎችን በመገንዘብ ተገቢውን ክትትል ማድረግ፡፡

• አደጋው የደረሰበት ሰው ራሱን የሚያውቅ ከሆነ ማፅፅናናትና ማበረታታት እጅግ በጣም ጠቃሚ ነው፡፡

• ስለአደጋው ሁኔታ በአካባቢው የመሚገኙትን ሰዎች ጠይቆ መረዳቱ ወይም የተጎዳው ሰው መናገር ማስረዳት የሚችል ከሆነ፡-

  1- ሙሉ ስምና አድራሻውን በዝርዝር መቀበል፣

  2- አደጋው የደረሰበትን ሁኔታና የተጎዳ የሰውነት አካሉን በሚገባ የሚያውቅ ከሆነ በዝርዝር መቀበል፣

  3- በማየት፣ በመስማትና በጠቅላላ የእንቅስቀሴ አካላቱ ላይ የሚሰማውን ጉዳት ማጣራት፣

  4- ያስታወከው እንደሆነና የመሳሰሉትን በማጣራት አስፈላጊውን መረጃ በማሰባሰብ ለሚደረገው እርዳታ ተገቢውን መሰናዶ ማሟላት ያስፈልገል፡፡

  በአደጋው ወይም በህመም ምክንያት ብዙ ደም ሲፈስ እስከ ሞት የሚያደርስ ጉዳት የሚየስከትል በመሆኑ በተቻለ መጠን የሚፈሰውን ደም ጥንቃቄ በተሞላበት አኳኋን እንዲቆም ማድረግ አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡ ይህን በሚመለከት የሚከተሉትን ማወቅ አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡

• በአደጋ ምክንያት ጉዳት ከተከሰሰተ የሚደማው ቁስል ላይ ማንኛውም ንፁህ ጨርቅ ወይም ፓድ በሚደማው ቦታ ላይ ጫን አድርጎ መያዝና ደሙ መፍሰሱ ሲቆም በፋሻ ጠበቅ አድርጎ ማሰር፣ደሙ እየፈሰሰ ካስቸገረ ከላይ በተጠቀሰው ዘዴ ደጋግሞ በመጠቀም ለማቆም ጥረት ማድረግ፣

• የራስ ቅል መድማት ካልሆነ በስተቀር ጉዳተኛውን አስተኝቶ የደማውን የአካል ክፍል ከፍ በማድረግ መደገፍ፡፡

• ጉዳት የደረሰበት ሰው ላይ ጥብቅ ያለ ልብስ ቁልፍ ወይም ቀበቶ ካለ ማላላት፣የተጎዳውን ሰው ማፅናናትና በፍጥነት የህክምነና ዕርዳታ እንዲያገኝ ወደ ህክምና ተቋም መውሰድ፡፡

• በውስጥ አካል የመድማት ጉዳት ከደረሰ ተጎጅውን በማንጋለል ማሳረፍና የሚያስፈልገው በላይ አለማንቀሳቀስ፣የሰውነት መንቀጥቀጥ (ሾክ) እንዳይፈጠር ተገቢውን እርምጃ በመውሰድ በአስቸኳይ የሐኪም ዕርዳታ መፈለግ፣በፍጥነት የህክምና ዕርዳታ እንዲያገኝ ወደ ህክምና ተቋም መውሰድ

Part 1 የስብራት ምልክቶች

በሰውነቱ ላይ የስብራት አደጋ የደረሠበት ሰው የሚያሳያቸው የህመም ምልክቶች

1. ስብራት የደረሰበት ሰው ኃይለኛ ሕመም ይሰማዋል።

2. የተጎዳውን የሰውነት ክፍል ማንቀሳቀስ ያስቸግራለ።

3. ስብራት የደረሰበት የሰውነት ክፍል ቅርፁን ይለውጣል።

4. እብጠትና አንድ አንዴም የመበለዝ አዝማሚያ ይታያል፡፡

Part 2 የስብራት ዓይነቶች እና የሚያስከትሏቸው ጉዳቶች

የስብራት ዓይነቶች ወይም የስብራት ደረጃወች እና የሚያስከትሏቸው ጉዳቶች

1. ዝግ ስብራት /1ኛ ደረጃ ስብራት፡-ይህ የስብራት ዓይነት ከወጪ የመድማት የመቁሰል ምልክት አያሳይም ፡፡

2. ክፍት ስብራት /2ኛ ደረጃ ስብራት፡- ሌላው የስብራት ዓይነት ሲሆን ከላይ ያለው አካል ቁስል የተሰበረው አጥንት ድረስ ዘልቆ ይታያል፡፡
   በዚህ ወቅት ጀርሞች ወደተሰበረው አጥነትና አካል ሊገቡ ስለሚችሉ ጥንቃቄ ይሻል፡፡

3. ኃይለኛ ወይም የተዘባራረቀ ስብራት/3ኛ ደረጃ ስብራት/፡-ይህ የስብራት ዓይነት ኃይለኛ ህመም ያለው ፤ በጣም የተወሳሰበ እና የደም ስሮችን ፣ ነርቮችን የሚጎዳ የስብራት ዓይነት ነው።
   በዚህ ምክንያት ሌሎች ህዋሳቶች/ሴንስ ኦርጋኖች/ በስብራቱ አካባቢ ሊጎዱ ይችላሉ ፡፡

Part 3 በኃይለኛ ስብራት ምክንያት ሚደርሱ አደጋዎች

በኃይለኛ ስብራት ምክንያት የሚደርሱ አደጋዎች

1- በጎድን ስብራት ሳቢያ ልብና ጉበት ይጎዳል፣
2- በራስ ቅል ስብራት ሳቢያ ደግሞ በአንጎል ላይ አደጋ ይከሰታል፣
3- በደንደስ ስብራት ምክኒያት የስሜት ስሮችና ነርቮች መስመሮች ይጎዳሉ፣
4- የዳሌ ስብራት በፊኛ ላይ አስቸጋሪ አደጋዎች ያስከትላል፡፡ ስለዚህ ተጎጂው በአፋጣኝ የህክምና ዕርዳታ እንዲያገኝ ወደ ህክምና ተቋም መውሰድ አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡

ስለዚህ ተጎጂው በአፋጣኝ የህክምና ዕርዳታ እንዲያገኝ ወደ ህክምና ተቋም መውሰድ አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡

Part 1 በሰው ላይ ሊደርሱ የሚችሉ የቃጠሎ ዓይነቶች

የቃጠሎ ዓይነቶች በሦስት ደረጃ ይከፈላሉ፡፡

1- ደረቅ ቃጠሎ /1ኛ ደረጃ ቃጠሎ ፦ በእሳት ፣ በኮረንቲና የጋለ ዕቃ በማንሳት የሚደርስ አደጋ ነው።
2-እርጥብ ቃጠሎ /2ኛ ደረጃ ቃጠሎ፡-በፈላ ውኃ፣ በፈላ ዘይት ፤ በፈላ ቅባትና በመሳሰሉት የሚከሠት አደጋ ነው።
3- የመርዝ ቃጠሎ /3ኛ ደረጃ ቃጠሎ፡- በአሲድ ወይም በሚያቃጥል ነገር እንደ ጨው በመሳሰሉት ማዕድኖች መጎዳት የሚከሠት አደጋ ነው።

ከላይ ለተጠቀሡት የቃጠሎ አይነቶች የሚወሰደው እርምጃም በሚከተለው መሰረት ሊሆን ይገባል፡፡

ለደረቅ ቃጠሎ የሚደረግ ህክምና ፦- ይህ የቃጠሎ ዓይነት በእሳት፣በኮረንቲና የጋለ ዕቃ በማንሳት የሚደርስ አደጋ ሲሆን የዚህ ዓይነት አደጋ የደረሰበት ሰው ሲያጋጥም፦

1- ሰውነትን አጥብቆ የያዙ ልብሶችን ፣ ቀበቶ ፣ አምባሮችና ሰዓት የመሳሰሉትን በጥንቃቄ ማውለቅ፣

2- በደረቅ እሳት የተቃጠለን ልብስ አለማውለቅ፣

3- በቁስል ላይ ምንም ሳይጨመር በንፁህ ጨርቅ ላላ አድርጎ በመሸፈን ማሰር፣

4- በተጎዳው ሰው ላይ ድንጋጤ እንዳይደርስ በተቻለ መጠን ማጽናናት፣

5-በአፋጣኝ የህክምና ዕርደታ እንዲያገኝ ደ ህክምና ተቋም መውሰድ ናቸው፡፡

ለእርጥብ ቃጠሎ የሚደረግ ህክምና ፡- ይህ የቃጠሎ ዓይነት የፈላ ውኃ፣ የፈላ ቅባትና የፈላ ዘይት የመሳሰሉት በሰውነት ላይ ሲፈሱ የሚደርስ የቃጠሎ ዓይነት ሲሆን ህክምናው እንደሚከተለው ነው፡-

1- ጉዳት የደረሰበትን ሰው ቃጠሎ ከአለበት አካባቢ በፍጥነት ማራቅ፣

2- ንፁህ የሆነ ቀዝቃዛ ውኃ በተጎዳው አካል ላይ በመፍሰስ ህመሙን ማስታገስ፣

3-የፈላ ውኃ ወይም ቅባት የፈሰሰበት ልብስ ካለ በፍጥነትና በጥንቃቄ ማውለቅና የህክምና ዕርዳታ እንዲያገኝ የተጎዳውን ሰው ወደ ህክምና ተቋም መውሰድ ናቸው፡፡

የመርዝ ቃጠሎ ህክምና ፦ ይህ የቃጠሎ ዓይነት በአሲድ ወይም በሚያቃጥል እንደ ጨው በመሳሰሉ ማዕድኖች መጎዳት ሲሆን፡-

1- በተቃጠለው አካል ላይ ብዙ ቀዝቃዛ ውኃ ማፍሰስ፣

2- በመርዝ የራሰውን ልብስ ማውለቅ የሚገባ ሲሆን በዚህን ወቅት ለራስም ቢሆን ከፍተኛ ጥንቃቄ ማድረግ ያሻል፣

3- የተጎዳውን ሰው የህክምና ዕርዳታ እንዲያገኝ ወደ ህክምና ተቋም መውሰድ ናቸው፡፡

ማሳሰቢያ፡- በማንኛውም ዓይነት ቃጠሎ የደረሰበት ቁስል ላይ ቅባት፣ዘይትና የሚቀቡ ነገሮችን ማድረግም ሆነ በቃጠሎ አደጋ ውኃ የቋጠረ ቆዳን ማፍረጥ ክልክል ነው፡፡

የአከባቢ ብክለት

የአከባቢ ብክለት ማለት

▶ የምንኖርበት አከባቢ ንጽህና የሚያበላሽ እና ህይወታችንን አስፈላጊ የሆነውን ኤር ከፋብሪካ በሚወጣ ጭስ፤ የተለያዩ አይነት ፈሳሾች፤

▶ ከተሽከርካሪ የሚወጣ አገልግሎቱን የጨረሰ የሞተር ዘይት እንዲሁም ጭስ ሲሆን ይህምበሰው ጤንነት ላይ እና በእጽዋቶች ላይ ከፍተኛ የሆነ ተጽዕኖ በማድረስ ለተለያየ አይነት ችግሮች ያጋልጣል፡፡

አከባቢ እንዴት ይበከላል?

የምንኖርበት አከባቢ በተለያየ መልኩ የአከባቢ መበከል ችግር ያጋጥመዋል፡፡

ከተሸከርካሪ ጋር በተያያዘ መልኩ የአከባቢ ብክለትን የሚያስከትሉ ሁኔታዎች፡-

▶ ተሽከርካሪዎች ሲነዱ

▶ ተሽከርካሪዎች ሲጠገኑና

▶ ተሽከርካሪዎች ሲታጠቡ የአከባቢ ብክለት ይከሠታል።

❖ ተሸከርካሪዎች ሲነዱ የአከባቢ ብክለት ምክንያቶች

▶ አሽከርካሪዎች ተሸከርካሪያቸውን በሚያሽከረከሩበት ወቅት የአከባቢ ብክለት ይፈጠራል፡፡ይህም ሲባል የነዳጅ፤የዘይት እና የአከባቢ ብክለትወደ ውጪ መፈሰስ

▶ ተሸከርካሪን በወቅቱ ሰርቪስ ሳይደረግለት ሲቀር ለምሳሌ የሞተር ዘይትበወቅቱ ካልተቀየረ በተሸከርካሪ ውስጥ አላስፈላጊ ጭስ እንዲፈጠር ያደርጋል፡፡

▶ ከመጠን በላይ በፍጥነት በማሽከርከር ነዳጅ በአግባቡ በሞተር ውስጥ ስለማይቀጣጠል ነዳጅ ከጭስ ጋር አብሮ በመውጣት ለአከባቢ ብክለት ምክንያት ይሆናል፡፡

▶ የተለያዩ ጎጂ ጭሶችና ድምጽ መቀነስ፡፡ተሸከርካሪ ረጅም ዕድሜ ሲሰራ በውስጡ የተለያዩ የሞተር ክፍሎች ስለሚያልቁ ጭስ ከመጠን በላይ በመውጣት አከባቢን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ለመበከል ምክንያት ይሆናል፡፡

▶ ከተሸከርካሪ የሚወጣ አደገኛ ጭስ ካርቦን ሞኖ ኦክሳይድ፤ናይትሮጂን ኦክሳይድና ሀይድሮ ኦክሳይድ፡፡

በጥገና ወቅት የአከባቢ ብክለት ምክንያቶች

▶ በጥገና ወቅት አከባቢን ሊበክሉ የሚችሉ ሁኔታዎችን አሽከርካሪዎች አስቀድመው መረዳትና መቀነስ ይጠበቅባቸዋል፡፡

▶ የተሸከርካሪ ጭስ ማውጫ ሲቀደድ ቶሎ ማስጠገን

▶ ተስማሚ የማጽጃ መሳሪያዎችን መጠቀም ለምሳሌ ኮምፕረሰር፤ግፊት ያለው ውሃ፤ንጹ እስትራቾ የመሳሰሉት ነው፤፤

▶ የተሸከርካሪ የመጠገኛ ቦታዎችንና መጠገኛ መሳሪያዎችን በጥንቃቄ መጠቀም፡፡

▶ ያገለገሉ ተሸካሪዎችን በተወሰነ ቦታ በማስቀመጥ በአግባቡ ማስወገድ፡፡

▶ ጭስን የሚከላከሉ መሳሪያዎች መጠቀም/ማስገጠም/ ለምሳሌ ካታሊክ ኮንቨርተር፤፤

በጽዳት ወቅት የአከባቢ ብክለት ምክንያቶች

▶ ተሸከርካሪዎች በተገኘበት ቦታ ሁሉ የምናጥብ ወይም የምናረዳ ከሆነ ከተሸከርካሪው ሞተርና ከተሸከርካሪው አካል የሚወጣ የተለያየ አይነት ጎጂ ነገር አከባቢን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ሊበክል ይችላል፡፡

▶ ተሸከርካሪን በወንዝና በረጋ ውሀ ውስጥ ማጠብ ሰውም ሆነ እንስሳት ለመጠጥ አገልግሎት ሊጠቀሙበት ስለሚችሉ ከተሸከርካሪው የወጣውን ዘይትና ቆሻሻ ነገር ውሀውን ስለሚበክል ለከፍተኛ አደጋ ያጋልጣል፡፡

▶ በማሽከርከር ላይ የሚፈጠርን ብክለት ለመቀነስ በዋናነት አሽከርካሪዎች ነዳጅ ፍጆታን መቀነስ አለባቸው፡፡

❖ የነዳጅ ፍጆታን ለመቀነስ በማሽከርከር ሂደት ላይ ማድረግ ያለባቸው ክንዋኔዎች፤-

▸ የጎማ ንፋስ ከመጠን በታችና ጎማ ሊሾ እንዳይሆን መከላከል/ማስወገድ/፡፡

▸ አላስፈላጊ ጭነት አለመጫን፤

▸ በሚኒሞ/በአይድል/ ረጅም ሰአት አለማሰራት፤

▸ እግርን ፍሬንና ፍሪሲዎን ላይ አስደግፎ አለማሽከርከር

▸ ያለ አግባብ ፍሬን አረጋገጥን ማስወገድ

▸ ተሸከርካሪዎች የሚበዙበት ቦታ ማሽከርከርን/ትራፊክ ሲስተም የሚጨናነቅበት ቦታ /ማስወገድ፤

▸ ተሸከርካሪን በአግባቡ ሰርቪስ ማስደረግ

▸ ኤርኮንዲሽነርን/ማሞቂያና ማቀዝቀዣ/ በአግባቡ መጠቀም