Editor : Engr. Mengistu (Menge)
Driving skill training
It is a training course on how to drive on difficult roads with different topography.
It is a training course on safe driving.
It is a training course on driving while obeying the road rules.
About preparing a vehicle for a trip
About preparing yourself as a driver for a trip
About estimating the traffic and road conditions we travel
Turn off the engine
Getting up from a standstill is a training course about not stopping and turning off the engine.
3 things to consider for a successful driving process
Prepare the vehicle for the trip
Prepare yourself as a driver for the trip
They are estimating the traffic and road conditions we travel on.
Main Vehicle Equipment :-
1- Communication devices : It is a type of device that allows the driver to communicate with other traffic participants, and
they are :
horn, flash, warning lights, stop light, reverse gear light, brake light, driver's hand signal, etc. And also in our country only short long lamp (greeting lamp) but its main function is for show..
2- Protective equipment : They are parts that protect the driver, the passenger, and easily damaged items from damage during a collision. For example: windshield, parachute, seat belt, air bag. . .
3- Scene control devices : These are the devices used by the driver to control the traffic movement.
They are :
for example : windshield, speaker, rain wiper, headlight, sun protection, . . .
4- Vehicle control devices : The part that moves the vehicle from its various activities, such as: engine start button, fuel pedal, gear shaft with friction, brake, steering, and so on.
A- Preparing the vehicle for travel
Before driving the vehicle, one of the things that should always be the daily work of a driver is to check the various parts of the vehicle or make sure that they are in good condition.
Vehicle inspection
Vehicle inspections
1. Checks before starting the engine
2. Checks after starting the engine
3. Inspections on the trip
1. Checks before starting the engine
There are two types of checks to be done before starting the engine. They are:
1. Inspection of external vehicle parts
2. Inspection of internal vehicle parts
1. Inspection of external vehicle parts
• See drainage
• See the rain wiper wheel
• Viewing the speaker
• Seeing the light mirror
• Viewing tire inflation
2. Inspection of internal vehicle parts
Inspection of internal vehicle parts is called BLOWAF or BLOWAF inspection for short.
That is to say
• Ba - battery
• D - lighting
• The - oil
• W - Water
• N - wind/air
• Ne - fuel means fuel.
In English too
• B - Battery
• L - Light
• O - Oil
• W - Water
• A - Air
• F - Fuel.
3. Checks after starting the engine and on the go
Dashboard parameters: monitoring indicators and warning lights
Check that the brake, steering and fuel system are working
Inspection of external parts of the vehicle
1- About checking external parts / Visual inspection :-
Drivers should always start their vehicle inspection by going around the entire vehicle once, inspecting the overall condition with their eyes, and bending down to check for spills or leaks.
Besides helping our next inspection, such inspections are very useful because they can suddenly point out things that we did not notice or did not see.
2- About checking engine, brake, friction and steering oil
2.1- Engine oil : - Before checking the engine oil, drivers should always make sure that the vehicle is standing on a level surface (not on a hill or slope).
▶ Prepare a clean and dust-free cloth
▶ Carefully open the hood of the vehicle.
(If there are vehicles with a lock, you must make sure that the lock is locked)
▶ Pulling the dipstick and using a clean cloth to clean the oil on the surface and put it back in.
▶ Pull the dipstick again, keeping it horizontal and vertical without moving it down or up (stopping it).
▶ Checking the amount of oil on the dipstick, checking whether it is dirty or thickened.
After inspection
- Increase if the oil level is low
- Reduce the amount of oil if it is too much
- If the oil is dirty, thick and thin, the oil should be changed completely.
- In addition to adding, reducing, and changing the oil, it is appropriate to do the proper work by knowing why it is necessary to do these things. Otherwise, we may face the problem again.
2.2- Steering oil : - It is a type of inspection carried out on vehicles with engine-assisted steering / steering oil-operated (power string) part.
Checking that the steering wheel (wheel) of the vehicle is straight.
Opening the cap and checking the oil level.
On many vehicles, the oil level gauge is built into or attached to the cover.
After inspection
- If the amount of oil is less than the appropriate place, add the appropriate oil
2.3-
Brake oil: -
It is a type of inspection carried out on vehicles whose brakes work with oil or a special combination of oil and compressed air.
- Check that the brake pedal of the vehicle is not pressed
-
Checking that the oil level is at the MAX
or upper mark.
After inspection
- If the amount of oil is less than the appropriate place, add the appropriate oil
2.4-
Friction
oil : -
It is a type of inspection performed on vehicles whose friction is oil or a special combination of oil and compressed air .
- Check that the vehicle's friction pedal is not depressed
-
Checking that the oil level is at the MAX
or upper mark.
After inspection
- If the amount of oil is less than the appropriate place, add the appropriate oil
Note
:
Ironically, most vehicles use the same type of oil for both the brakes and the clutch.
2.5- Automatic transmission oil: - If our vehicle uses an automatic transmission, just like engine oil , we should always check the level of this oil .
3- About checking radiator water, battery water and other parts that need water
3.1-
Radiator water test : -
Engine cooling system is a type of test performed on water powered vehicles.
Make sure the vehicle engine is cold
Opening the radiator cap
On some vehicles, radiator water may be located and checked through an expansion tank or reservoir. Note :-
If this type of vehicle
- Opening the lid of the expansion tank or reservoir
- Check the water level and purity in the radiator and expansion tank or reservoir if they have one.
After inspection
- Increase if the water level is low
- Change the water if it is dirty
3.2- Battery water : - Check the amount of liquid (purified water and acid mixture) in each battery cell or all six cells.
After inspection
- Increasing the amount of liquid (purified water and acid mixture) in the battery cell, i.e. in all six battery cells, to less than (purified water and acid mixture).
3.3-
Windscreen cleaning water : -
Checking the quantity of this cleaning water.
After inspection
- If the windshield washer fluid is low, add it
4- Tire inspections :-
4.1- Tire air volume : - Estimate the air volume with our eyes until we arrive at the nearest tire store and confirm the air volume of our tires.
4.2- Tire condition: - Looking at the condition of our tires based on the kilometers we drive, traffic conditions, weather...
4.3- The condition of our tires: - Check the tightness of our tires by using a tire wrench or a tire strap.
After inspection
Change the spare tire if tire inflation is too low to drive.
If it doesn't bother you too much to drive, go to the nearest gomista and adjust the wind speed or show it to a professional
If the condition of the teeth is over or if the way we travel is not convenient and reasonable, change it
If there are missing or improperly maintained rubber bolts, tighten them
5- Checking different lights and electrical parts : - The different types of lights installed on the vehicle (headlight, stop light, brake light, hazard light, brake light, rear gear light, fog light, . . .), breaking the horn or klaxon. that they are not broken; Whether they are split or not split; whether they are dirty or not; that the lights are not on; etc. checking
-
If we park our vehicle in front of a wall or a uniform flat object to check the headlights, it is easy to check whether our headlights and headlights are working.
After inspection
- Change the broken and cracked ones
- Cleaning the dirty
- Making or making things that don't light up and make them light up
6- Checking various scene control devices : - Whether the various scene control devices installed on the vehicle, such as windshield, rear view controls (Spokeo), sun protection, rain wipers, etc., are broken or not; Whether they are cracked or not. Checking whether they are dirty or not
After inspection
- Change the broken and cracked ones
- Cleaning the dirty
- Making or making things that don't work
7- About checking the different types of pedals : - By pressing and releasing the two or three or four pedals on our vehicle (they are different depending on the type of vehicle) and making sure that they return to their position quickly and that they are not left down there.
After inspection
✿ - (with the friction pedal) due to damage ☞ because we may have difficulty putting in the gear
✿ - (brake pedal) due to damage ☞ Because we may have difficulty controlling our vehicle properly
✿ -(Fuel pedal) due to damage ☞ fuel may be left, so we need to find the problem and fix or fix it as soon as possible so that we don't cause an accident.
8- To test the tightness or loosening of various nails
Checking that various parts that receive mechanical power from the crankshaft, such as water pump, oil pump, vacuum pump, dynamo, etc., are properly tightened or not.
After inspection
▶ If you overtighten or undertighten, only tighten to the required amount.
9- Checking the presence of necessary solutions and tools
Ensure that the vehicle has multi-purpose wrenches, jacks, jacks, tire wrenches, spare tires, fire extinguishers, triangular reflectors, first aid kits, etc.
After inspection
▶ We need to complete the equipment that is not on our vehicle from the things we have listed above.
10- To check the indicator devices on the dash board : -
Although these devices vary according to the type of vehicle, the indicators on the vehicle should be checked for proper operation before and after the engine is started or while the vehicle is in motion.
After inspection
▶ If there is an indicator that does not work, work or work
2- Prepare yourself as a driver for the trip
Any driver should always check on these conditions before driving the vehicle.
1- Confirmation of driver's license
2- Making sure to wear solid shoes (as it is not allowed to ride with slippers or bare feet)
3- Be sure not to take or swallow any medicine other than a doctor's prescription that does not affect driving.
4- Be sure not to drink any alcohol
5- Be sure not to use any drugs
6- To be sure that he is free from any frustration, anger, sadness, joy, fatigue, and similar emotions that affect driving.
7- Enter the cabinet and close the door properly
8- Fasten seat belt
3- Estimate the traffic and road conditions we travel on
One of the things drivers should always be prepared for is knowing or anticipating traffic ahead or behind them, as well as road conditions (grade).
If we have other options, it will help us to avoid or already accept the feelings of anger, frustration, sadness, impatience, etc. due to traffic congestion or the inconvenience of driving on the road.
Driving style two
The idea that we will see in this section is that after we put together the things that should be done in driving style, we will see how we drive by considering the condition of the vehicle, the condition of ourselves as a driver, the condition of the road and the traffic.
What drivers should do to start the engine
• Ensuring that the hand brake is properly handled
• Putting your Freezer on pedal gear zero / if automatic gear N/P
• Properly insert the engine ignition key
• Warm up by opening the locked steering wheel and using the heater in the On or Quadro if it is a diesel engine.
If it is a petrol engine, pull the choke valve.
• Turn the engine ignition switch to the "Start" position and start the engine.
It only needs to stay on for 30 seconds to boot.
• If the engine does not start for more than 30 seconds, try again by turning the key fully back to lock.
• If the engine is started, operate at minimum/idling depending on the engine temperature
Engine failure
• Stop the vehicle by fully pressing the brake and friction
• Apply the handbrake and put the gear on zero / if it is an automatic gear, put it on P
• Release friction and foot brake
• Idling according to the temperature of the engine
• Turn the engine ignition key from On to Lock
Starting a vehicle from a standstill
1st. to see
Drivers should scan the road/environment/conditions through the center and rear view mirror/mirror before moving their vehicle.
▶ Left and right side view spokes/mirror should see and control the general traffic situation.
2nd. Knowing the use of gear
For vehicles with high engine power
• If you are going uphill, enter and use 1st gear
• Enter and use 1st gear if you have loaded a load on the field
• Enter and use 2nd gear if there is no load on the field
• Enter and use 2nd gear, loaded or unloaded, if on a slope
The use of Frecha
|
❖ Left arrow ☜ |
❖ Right arrow ☞ |
|
▶ To change the direction (row) to the left |
▶ To change to the right direction (row). |
|
▶ To get up from where we stand |
▶ To stop |
|
▶ to overtake |
▶ To prioritize |
|
▶ To turn left |
▶ To turn right |
|
▶ To move from right to left |
▶ To move from left to right |
• Manual signal should be given if Frecha is not working.
• Drivers must show the appropriate brake signal in the direction they are going to cross.
The beginning of the journey
• When the driver starts a trip, he/she gives priority to the priority by looking at the side and center mirror/spokeo/the environment/traffic situation.
• Release the handbrake
• Support the right leg by releasing half of the left leg
• Take the leading action according to the condition of the road
• If the vehicle is standing on a hill, the vehicle should not slide backwards and take off
At least that is
• It is meant to stop a vehicle for a certain minute/second or prevent it from sliding by means of friction and fuel.
• It is an event that occurs at the point where power begins to transfer from the engine to friction.
✦ To do facial balance
• Stop the vehicle completely with brakes and friction
• Enter 1st (➀) gear by stepping on the friction pedal
• Release the friction pedal half way
• By releasing the foot brake, support the fuel pedal in such a way that the engine does not turn off
✦ To make a balance
• Stop the vehicle completely with brakes and friction
• Enter the reverse (Ⓡ) gear by stepping on the friction pedal
• Release the friction pedal half way
• Support the fuel tank in such a way that the engine does not turn off by releasing the foot brake
About driving at a distance
Driving too close is one of the causes of accidents.
Driving too close together increases the number of collisions, so drivers should be aware of the following when traveling:
• Their speed: the general condition of the road, the traffic/movement/quantity
• The amount of weather in the area ie fog, heavy rain, dust, darkness, fog
• Vehicle technical status
• Their own vigilance and efficiency
Therefore, whenever a driver is driving, he should keep enough distance between himself and the vehicles following behind him.
This is because the driver in front of you may suddenly or accidentally change direction or stop.
Every 10 km. Drive at least 6 meters or one car length behind the car you are following.
The length of the road shall be measured in proportion to the length of the vehicle used or occupied.
Overtaking a vehicle
• Consider and estimate the speed of a vehicle coming from the opposite direction on a road where the road is two-way and the width of the road is small.
• Viewing the absence of rear and side wheels through the left and center spokes
• Making sure that there is no one coming in front of us and that the vehicle in front does not want to overtake the other.
• Show the necessary left arrow in sufficient time and distance
• Showing a warning sign with a horn or light so that the vehicle in front does not suddenly change direction and cause an accident.
• When you make sure that you are completely ahead of the vehicle, press the right arrow together
About driving to places where return is a priority
• Any vehicle driver must give priority to a vehicle entering the intersection when arriving at an intersection.
• If two or more vehicles from different directions arrive at the intersection at the same time, any driver must give priority to the vehicle approaching from the right.
• If a traffic circle has been made at an intersection, the driver of a vehicle approaching the circle must give priority to the vehicles already turning the circle.
• Any driver going uphill must give priority ➡ but a driver with public transport has priority in both directions.
• When entering the main road from the exit of a private house or feeder road, he must stop and give priority.
• Priority must be given when entering an intersection from a parking lot or the edge of the road
• Priority should be given when turning and returning
Matters that require attention to increase or decrease vehicle speed
• The geographical location of the area where the road is built
• Road construction
• The load capacity of the vehicle/the power and reliability of the engine
• Local weather
• Number of traffic/transmitters
About parking a vehicle
• It takes an average of 0.75 of a second for drivers on the road to move their foot from the gas pedal to the brake pedal when they see the danger they may face from different angles and decide to take action.
Stop roll distance
The total distance of a stop can be shorter or longer due to the following reasons
• Danger at different times
• Time to take action
• In the case of rubber teeth
• Brake efficiency
• Road type and condition
• Weight on the vehicle
About leaving the vehicle parked for a long time
If the front of the vehicle is uphill
• Entering 1st gear
• Turn the steering wheel to the edge of the road
• Making tacos
If the front of the vehicle is on a slope
• Entering the next gear
• Turn the steering wheel to the edge of the road
• Making tacos
About driving dangerously
About driving at night
• You are at risk when you drive at night ➡ because you can immediately understand and respond to a possible danger at night, situations that you saw quickly during the day do not appear quickly at night, so you are slow to take action. Therefore, it has been proven by research that driving at night is three times more dangerous than driving during the day.
• During night driving, the condition of the road, driver and other drivers and the condition of the vehicle affect the driving.
The status of other drivers
• Decreased vision at night
• Since it takes time for their eyes to adjust their vision when they go from light to dark
• Because the light of the vehicle coming in front causes a problem in the driver's ability to see
The condition of the road
• Some roads have enough lighting and others do not, so the driver
He may be forced to use only the lights of the vehicle, not the road.
In the condition of the vehicle
• A vehicle's short front light can show 50 meters, and the long front light can show 100 meters.
• If the headlight is dirty, the possible glare is reduced by half.
• If the headlight is not adjusted in the correct direction.
Procedures to follow when driving at night
• Make sure you are awake and rested before you start your journey
• Don't wear sunglasses when wearing sunglasses.
If you wear night glasses, make sure they are clean and unstained
• Check and clean your vehicle
• Be careful not to block the view of others with your headlights
• Do not make the interior light too bright
• If you feel sleepy, stop and take a rest
About driving in rainy weather
• Drive slowly on a slippery road
• When you move from a standing position, move slowly
• Turn carefully on the curved road
• Do not use the brake on a curved road
• Don't use the brake more than necessary because it can cause tire wear
• If you drive in heavy rain, be careful because the brakes may get wet
• Do not ride in standing or moving water
• If the vehicle is stuck in mud, use redota gear and axle lock
About driving in foggy weather
• It is recommended not to drive the vehicle in foggy weather
• Use fog lights or short headlights
• Slow down and enter the fog area
• Be prepared to stop your vehicle in case of an accident
• Use a windshield wiper if the windshield is covered with gum
• If the interior glass is covered with gum, use an interior heater/air conditioner/or a towel
❖ About starting the engine
1- Inserting or plugging the engine ignition key
2- Checking the handbrake
3- Pressing the foot brake
4- Zeroing gear (if manual transmission)
5- Warming up with the engine start button; (for diesel engine)
6- Pulling the choke valve (for those with a manual choke valve on a gasoline engine)
7- Starting using the engine start button (it is not recommended to keep the engine button in the START position for more than 30 seconds, even if the engine does not start quickly)
8- Returning the choke valve that we pulled (if it's a gasoline engine)
❖ - To get up from where we stand
1- Turn on the left arrow
2- Press the brake
3- Pedaling the friction (if it is a manual transmission)
4- Inserting the necessary heavy gear ☞ that is
1st gear if it is an uphill and loaded vehicle
▶ 2nd gear if it is a downhill and loaded vehicle
▶ We can use 1st or 2nd gear depending on the torque of the vehicle on a straight and flat road .
5- Hold the steering wheel to the right as needed
6- Release half of the friction (until the sound of the engine changes)
7- Release the handbrake (releasing)
8- Looking at the back view control (Spokeo) ☞ Looking more at the left speaker
9- Releasing the friction, releasing the brake and fueling (slightly)
C - to overlap _ _ _
1- Turn on the left arrow
2- Looking at the left speaker
3- Hold the steering wheel to the right as needed.
4- Making sure that there is no other vehicle in front (if it is a two-way road)
5- Increasing the speed of the vehicle
D - To stop, stop and turn off the engine : -
1- Turn on the right arrow
2- Looking at the right spoke
3- Reduce speed
4- Hold the steering wheel to the right as needed
5- Pressing the brake (on automatic transmission)
6- Pressing the brake and friction (manual cambio)
7- pull the hand brake
8- Make the gear zero
9- Using the rear view mirror to see if the vehicle is parked properly
10- Turn off the engine as needed
11- Inserting the necessary heavy gear ie
If we are standing on a hill, put in 1st gear.
But if we are standing on a slope or a straight road, we have to enter the reverse (R) gear.
About driving uphill and downhill
- New vehicle can use light gear when driving uphill
- but must engage in heavy gear when driving downhill - Existing vehicle must engage in heavy gear
when driving uphill or downhill
About driving in sunny and hot weather
- Use of sunglasses
- Do not drive at high speed
- Wear thin clothes
- Use AC /cold/
- Be careful of the risk of exposed resin due to heat
- Engine mounts, radiator hoses can be stretched by heat
- Monitoring oil and water monitoring gauges
- Every 2 hours (at 150) km or 100 miles total
, the vehicle should be stopped and checked
.
Note:
If the engine temperature of the vehicle is too high while we are on the road and the radiator water boils, the steps and sequence we will take
1- Stop the vehicle and keep the engine running at minimum/idle/ without turning it
off to reduce the engine temperature.
3- We start the engine and fill the required amount of water while giving fuel.
4- After we turn off the engine again, after making sure that the correct amount of water is filled, we put on the radiator cap, start the engine and start our journey.
About driving at night
- Since drivers are 50% more likely to be at risk when driving at night than they are during the day:
▶ They should
make sure they are alert and get
enough
rest
.
They should make sure that glasses
are clean
.
About driving in foggy/rainy season
- Driving at low speed
- Use rain wiper
-
Use towel
- Use AC/Hot/
- Make sure tire is not flat and make sure the wind is not reduced
- Use short headlight
- Use fog light
- Fog light Or if there is something blocking the view, use all the side lights and stop the vehicle by the side
Rule of Seconds
❖ Rule of Seconds means that we do not adjust our distance from the vehicle in front.
For example:
1. 3 second law ➡ The 3 second law means the distance a vehicle can travel in 3 seconds.
When driving on the road, the 3-second rule is extremely useful in determining how far we are from the vehicle in front of us.
Mark the position of the vehicle in front of you and count one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand three. If you arrive before you finish the number, it means that you are required to keep some distance because you are driving too close.
2. 4 seconds and more
• In a slippery way
• In a place where it is difficult to see properly
Reducing the amount of damage
is one of the driving strategies to prevent multiple accidents from happening at the same time.
For example, if you encounter a pedestrian on the right and a heavy vehicle on the left, you should slow down and pass the vehicle and pass the pedestrian carefully.
Disaster Escape Strategy
There are 3 things that can prevent an accident from happening in a dangerous situation.
They are
1. Stopping
, 2. Steering,
3. Speeding up.
Speed control and accident prevention
Vehicle speed is determined by
1. the number of other vehicles and their speed
2. the condition of the road
3. the number of pedestrians living on the side of the road
4. it depends on the weather.